Protecting Social Welfare, Promote Moral Improvement and Create Economic Reform - Free Essay Example

Progressivism was an era where more people were trying to protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, and foster efficiency because of the events of The Gilded Age, the turn of the 20th century, and the Chicagos Worlds Fair. These were all created to fix the problems of rapid urbanization, rapid industrialization, racial discrimination, and discrimination against immigrants. One of the causes of Progressivism was the Gilded Age. During the Gilded Age things appeared great in the US at first glance, but it actually had serious issues lurking below the surface that were problematic for the average American. These problems were government corruption and ruthless profiting by big businessmen. The turn of the 20th century was also a big cause of Progressivism due to rapid urbanization, rapid industrialization, racial discrimination, and discrimination against immigrants. There was rapid urbanization because of overcrowding in cities, sanitation problems, safety issues, and spread of diseases, especially when more and more immigrants were coming to America for work and better living. Rapid industrialization was because of poor working conditions, pollution, and the tearing apart of families. Racial discrimination was especially emphasized during the Chicago Worlds Fair. Originally, African-Americans were allowed to work at the fair in very specific roles (such as janitors, waiters, etc.) but could not attend themselves because Americans believed that they could not be trusted and that they were naturally criminals. Discrimination against immigrants was because more and more immigrants kept coming to America seeking better job and living opportunities and it crowded all the cities and businesses which leads right back to rapid urbanization. The four major goals that were set for Progressivism were to protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, and foster efficiency. People were struggling to make ends meet in the Industrial Age. To help protect their social welfare more settlement houses, community centers, churches, and social services were created, as well as the Salvation Army to help with soup kitchens and childcare. Florence Kelly also advocated for improving the lives of women and children. Progressivism brought the promotion of moral improvement for people to improve their personal behavior and to help the country regain its morals. Many people believed that alcohol was the root of this problem so the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) fought for a ban on alcohol. The main idea of creating economic reform was to uncover the injustices and wrongdoings of big businesses and inform the American public by public awareness and sometimes promoting socialism. Eugene V. Debs helped to organize the Socialist Party in the United States in 1901. Issues with big businesses and the gap between the rich and the poor also made some people start to question capitalism which made socialism become attractive to more people. Foster efficiency was wanted to create a more efficient workplace and to use experts and scientists to do so. The plan to help make this happen was to start by limiting the workday to 10 hours. Progressivism did end up working because all of the wrongdoings that were going on were exposed to the public and the majority of the people did not agree with what was currently the right thing for their country.. A reason why people viewed Theodore Roosevelt as the poster child for the Progressive Era was because he took advantage of his presidency as a very powerful tool to influence others in a positive way. He used his federal power to help consumers because he wanted to break up trusts that hurt pubic interests. Roosevelt looked out for public health by creating the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Meat Inspection Act was created in 1906 and it was strict hygienic requirements for meatpackers that also created a program for meat inspection. The Pure Food and Drug Act was also created in 1906 and it halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. Before this act was created, products could claim to do anything without any research or proof. Roosevelt also helped the environment because he realized that people were horribly mistreating the environment and that resources are not unlimited. His solution was conservation by creating more national parks.

The Myth Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay - 1204 Words

In an ancient Greek mythology, mankind obtains fire through a Greek Titan, named Prometheus. The story begins with Zeus, the leader of the Olympus, sending Prometheus to the mortal world to create mankind with clay and water. While Prometheus working on his own creation, he grew love towards mankind, and sympathized with how little power Zeus wanted mankind to have. Therefore, Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mankind. After Zeus acknowledged the theft of fire, he was enraged by the action of Prometheus. Afterwards, Zeus punished his action by chaining him to a rock at Caucasus, where his liver being eaten by an eagle during the day and only recovers at night for eternity (Wikipedia). This myth shared very similar component and structure with Shelley’s Gothic fiction, Frankenstein. Shelley’s Frankenstein was deeply influenced by the Prometheus myth ranging from the history of the title, the action of the main character, and the consequences of performing th e action. When the book was first published, Mary Shelley gave a hint of the Prometheus origin in the name of the book. Her original title in 1818 for this book was called â€Å"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.† After the overwhelming success of Frankenstein in 1818, Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley’s husband, published Prometheus Unbound: A Lyrical Drama. Later, around 1823, The book was reprinted, and Mary Shelley gave the book its final name, Frankenstein. From the original book title â€Å"Frankenstein; or, TheShow MoreRelatedMary Shelley ´s Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus, an Analysis of the Subtitle1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof creation.† (Shelley 37). Ab initio Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, is being put on a level with Prometheus through the subtitle. An indication that Mary Shelley did indeed have the myth in mind as she wrote the novel, is not only her subtitle, but moreover the parallels between the Prometheus myth and Frankenstein, whic h are undeniable. The title itself gives a lot away of the story which follows. It links the modern world with the ancient Greek myth. Victor Frankenstein â€Å"steals† theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Modern Prometheus1342 Words   |  6 Pageswritten. But there is no doubt in the connection of the Greek God Prometheus and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, as the title of the book states: Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus. Shelley made sure that the readers knew that Frankenstein is to be seen as the modern Prometheus, and all things in her book connect Frankenstein to the Greek God that shaped Humanity. In this essay is stated that Frankenstein is indeed as Shelley meant, the modern Prometheus. Reasoning behind this is of how Frankenstein’sRead MoreThe Consequences Of Technology On Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe Consequences of Technology Revealed in Shelley s Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, written in the late nineteenth century, the author proposes that knowledge and technology can be dangerous to individuals and all of humanity. Frankenstein was one of the first cautionary tales about scientific research. Shelley s novel offers profound insight of the consequences of morally insensitive scientific and technological research. Learn from me. . . at least by my exampleRead MoreThe Themes Of Allusions In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1096 Words   |  5 Pagesremarkable for the summariness of its allusions and the rapidity of its transitions. Before one of them is half through a sentence the other knows his meaning and replies. ... His mental lungs breathe more deeply, in an atmosphere more broad and vast†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary Shelley was a young and brilliant author and woman, who if allusionist was a career path, she’d be a trailblazer. Although she has an almost impeccable hand at allusions, why does she use them? Was it because of her youth in life as well as the world ofRead MoreFrankenstein: Technology1728 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein: Technology In Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, written in the late nineteenth century by Mary Shelley, Shelley proposes that knowledge and its effects can be dangerous to individuals and all of humanity. Frankenstein was one of our first and still is one of our best cautionary tales about scientific research.. Shelleys novel is a metaphor of the problems technology is causing today. Learn from me. . . at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledgeRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1028 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein thinks that everything is alright now, but Elizabeth has a premonition that the monster will return, and she warns her fiancà © that she fears some harm is going to befall him. At the same time, during the entire village’s celebration, the father of the dead girl carries her lifeless body though the streets for all to see. The shock crowd stops its celebration, stunned and outraged over the death of Maria, and they demand justice from The Burgomaster (mayor) and local police. By nightfallRead MoreFrankenstein, Dracula and Spiritualism1701 Words   |  7 Pages1. Mary Shelley s Frankenstein tells the story of a man s desire to control life itself. Victor Frankenstein s main goal is his own glory and power. He desires like Prometheus before him to take something that is reserved for the god s and make it of use to men. Victor is unable to control this new found power and it eventually destroys him. Shelley tells this story of knowledge and science by introducing the romantic temperament of Victor and the gothic themes of the creation of the creatureRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Modern Prometheus871 Words   |  4 PagesThe title of Mary Shelley s novel is Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. So it shouldn t come as a shock that Mary Shelley was actually influenced by this tale. Her husband Percy Shelley had actually begun composing his own tale of Prometheus in the form of poetry entitled, Prometheus Unbound. He began composing this piece around the same time that his wife was publishing Frankenstein. Mary Shelley included The Modern Prometheus as part of her title for the novel and she attempts to compareRead MoreBiography And Background Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1003 Words   |  5 PagesBiography Background Author of Frankenstein, Mary Goodwin, was born in London, England in 1797. Poet Percy Shelley, her father s philosophy student took Goodwin to London to travel around Europe with her younger sister Jane. In 1816 the group traveled to Switzerland with Lord Byron. One night a member of the group suggested a writing competition. Shelley had writer s block for a time until she had a dream about the creation of a monster. Therefore, within the following days she began to writeRead MoreHow The Romantic Period Was Characterised By Political And Social Upheavals1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic period was characterised by political and social upheaval. The era marked England s shift from a largely agricultural society to a modern industrial nation. Moreover, the aristocracy s influence diminished, industry-owning middle classes grew. The Romantic epoch also witnesses revolution and war. First the American Civil War, followed by the French Revolution later. They brought concepts of popu lar freedom, and of the power of the proletariat. In England, these ideas were well received

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - Societal Prejudices Essay

Societal Prejudices in Frankenstein Mary Shelleys novel, Frankenstein, sheds light on the importance of appearance through the tale of an unwanted creation that is never given a chance by society. Ironically, the supposed beast was initially much more compassionate and thoughtful than his creator, until his romantic and innocent view of the human race was diminished by the cruelty and injustice he unduly bore. Not only does the creature suffer the prejudice of an appearance-based society, but other situations and characters in the novel force the reader to reflect their own hasty judgment. The semi- gothic novel includes several instances of societal prejudice that include the isolation and outcast of Frankensteins creation,†¦show more content†¦The disappointment is not only irrational, but also shows his further jaded ideal of perfection in the fact that he considers ugliness a weakness. If that were true, ugliness would be the creatures only weakness, as the story goes on to tell of the selfless acts of kin dness the creature administers. Victor describes his supposed miserable failure as a deformed monster when he says His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing his teeth of pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only form a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same color as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shriveled complexion and straight black lips (56; ch.5; vol.1). Later, Victor sees the creature after a long period of his aimless roaming, and he trembled with rage and horror (95; ch. 3; vol .2). Victor wished to engage in mortal combat because he had a faint premonition the creature might have possibly killed his son. The senseless idea was formed simply because of the creatures physical features, and that he may have been in the vicinity. Even though the monster was shunned, hated, labeled prematurely as a killer, and cursed by his very own maker, he sees the goodness of the human heart and desires to learn more about the human race. As the supposed monster journeys onward, he is delighted and allured by the moon and sun, and other peaceful,Show MoreRelatedA Transformation from Gracious to Malicious1072 Words   |  5 PagesMost people are kind at heart, but society’s negative perceptions changes them. Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, portrays this concept. Frankenstein’s monster treats humans kindly - refuting the stereotype that all monsters are evil. In this novel, the monster is kind towards mankind until society criticizes him and turns him into a malicious creature. The monster that Frankenstein creates has kind-hearted morals, but because society harms him based on his hideous appearance. Because of his treatmentRead MoreThe Differences Between Human And Humanity Through The Construction Of Frankenstein s Monster Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Mary Shelley aid the reader to explore the notio n of the differences between human and humanity through the construction of Frankenstein’s Monster Throughout Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s creation helps readers and analysts grapple and wrestle with the concept of humanity. Through this journey, the reader gains a deeper understanding of not only humanity but also how humanity is assigned. These discoveries also allow the reader to reflect on their own preconceivedRead MoreFrankenstein - Theme of Appearance1746 Words   |  7 PagescenterbThe Unjust Isolation of Frankensteins Creation and Other Reasons to Never Become a Model: Societal Prejudices in Shelleys Frankenstein/b/center br brA Swiss Proverb once enlightened, When one shuts one eye, one does not hear everything. Sadly, vision is the primary sense of mankind and often the solitary basis of judgment. Without humans limitations of the shapes, colors and textures of our overall outward appearances, the world would be a place that emphasizes morals, justiceRead MoreOthering Frankenstein Essay1887 Words   |  8 Pagesconstruct meaning. The use of othering is apparent in the novel, Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley and published in 1818. Embracing both the Romantic and Enlightenment context of its time, Frankenstein is a masterfully crafted novel which seamlessly explores a variety of themes and ideas. In the text Shelley uses the process of othering to explore the ideas of somatic alterity, class, and gender as aspects of othering. Shelley’s exploration of these ideas allows for various readings of theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein, And The Modern Prometheus3901 Words   |  16 Pages â€Å"Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus†, by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley Mary Shelley s novel Frankenstein is best known for its influence in popular culture through many film adaptations. It is in fact, however, one of the great novels of ideas. Write an essay that discusses in what sense you think it is a novel of ideas. What are its claims about human reason and human nature? Shelley explores some aspects of human nature, specifically human lust for power and the unfortunate way weRead More Frankenstein Kickass Paper2707 Words   |  11 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The daughter of an active feminist, Mary Woolstonecraft Shelley eloped with the famous poet Percy Bysshe Shelley at the age of 15, and after was continually and profoundly influenced by his words and writings. Her novel Frankenstein is named among the best written and most meaningful of the gothic works, and is one of the few still popularly read today. A precursor to the Romantic trend in art and intellect, gothic novels rejected of the precepts of order, balanceRead MoreEssay on Creation and Alienation in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein3425 Words   |  14 Pages Throughout Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, also known as The Modern Prometheus, this notion of alienation, is an illuminating theme that is manifested throughout the story. Another theme is that of creation, in which Victor Frankenstein, a main character in the book, usurps the role of God by giving life to a creature in his laboratory, but by artificial means, rather than conceiving one legitimat ely. Furthermore, the underlying factors of creation, that are carried out by Frankenstein, as well asRead MoreIreland As A Nation With A Strong Cultural Identity1889 Words   |  8 Pagesspreading around the country was mostly pushed out. Then in 1817, Ireland suffered a severe famine and economic depression, and many Irish emigrated to Liverpool and Scotland. Frankenstein, originally published in 1818 by the English Mary Shelley, reflects many of the continual struggles between Ireland and Britain throughout Shelley’s lifetime, and the social tensions between the countries that have been engrained in the respective societies for centuries. Written in a time of mass emigration to England

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: The company selected for this task is Nick Scali Furniture which is listed on the stock exchange under the symbol of NCK. The company tends to import premium furniture and engage in the retailing of the same. Currently, the company has limited presence only at selected locations across Australia but the company in the near future aims to expand its operations and presence across more locations (NCK, 2015). In the wake of the future growth that the company expects, the role of CFO is of particular importance and cannot be overemphasised. The three main responsibilities that the CFO of NCK is expected to discharged are briefly discussed below. Investment Opportunities and Capital Budgeting In relation to the existing business model of the company, two factors are pivotal for the sustained success of the company. One is to select reliable vendors globally which can supply high quality furniture to the company and second is retailing of the same to the customers through a host of distribution channels. Currently the company sources furniture from Asia and as the business grows, it would be imperative for the company to scout for new opportunities from where the furniture could be bought from (NCK, 2015). Typically, this would require significant investment in the backend furniture value chain particularly at the end of the Asian vendor so as to assure that the company is able to get access to quality products. In this regard, there are a plethora of cost considerations as multiple factors are at play. For instance, the raw material availability and cost, availability of skilled labour, labour norms along with exchange rate fluctuations, underlying transport cost need to be considered by the company in order to choose vendors for the future. In this decision making, CFO plays a key role as he is aware of the various cost centres that contribute to the overall cost and ensures that these are built into the decision making process (Bhimani et. al..,2008). An additional requirement for the companys success is retailing. Although, the company does engage in e-retailing but considering the target segment that the company is targeting, it is imperative for the company to enhance its present in terms of retail stores. This is a strategic decision for the company which involves significant inputs from the CFO. The opening of new stores is a sizable capital investment for a company of the size of NCK (NCK, 2015). Hence, intense deliberations need to be carried put before narrowing down on a prospective location. Further, the estimated costs and revenue flow expected from the store would also be estimated based on the given information and empirical understanding of the business. Further, it is quite possible that the company may narrow down on multiple locations for setting up a retail store with all expected to create value for the company (Drury, 2008). However, the financial resources available with the company may be typically constraine d and hence under the aegis of the CFO capital rationing would be required so as to select on the most viable investment alternatives. Considering the high elasticity of the business, a sensitivity analysis of the prospective locations is also done in order to narrow down the choices and ensure a prudent choice be made (Petty et. al., 2015). Besides, it is also possible that the company may scout for some small acquisitions in the future in order to either gain presence in a new market or for backward integration. With regards to the due diligence of these acquisitions and the actual financing of these acquisitions, the role of CFO is integral and the success of these endeavours would depend on the business acumen, experience and knowledge of the CFO (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Accounting and Reporting As a listed company, in case of NCK, segregation of owners and managers tend to exist which gives rise to the formation of an agency relationship. In order to safeguard the interest of the principal, the agent or the managers should continuously report the financial and operational performance to the owners so as to ensure that they prudent investment choice with regards to continuing their investment (Drury, 2008). Also, it needs to be considered that the company is a listed entity and hence needs to comply with regular reporting requirements as highlighted in the respective listing agreements of the stock exchanges. Further, this needs to be reported in a timely manner and at the same time should be compliant with the relevant accounting norms which is the responsibility of the CFO (Bhimani et. al., 2008). The CFO tends to be in regular touch with the audit committee of the company so as to understand the various loopholes that exist in the internal controls put in place by the company and ensures that requisite corrective measures are taken so as to ensure that the underlying risk of misreporting is minimised. Additionally, the tax liabilities of the company need to be prudently recorded considering the mode of sales and the value of imported furniture from abroad (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). Also, the impact of exchange rate is particularly significant for the shareholders of the company as the furniture is imported from Asia and hence currency fluctuations tends to have a direct impact on the underlying profitability of the business operations. The CFO ensures that these are reported correctly and also ensures that requisite hedging mechanism be put in place so as to deal with current risk (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Additionally, the CFO acts as a chief coordinator to the external auditor and ensures that all the requisite information and support is made available to the external auditor so that the audit process is conducted smoothly and in a timely fashion. Besides, general overview of the companys operations, risk factors and the performance enables the auditor in making robust audit plans and resulting strategies (Seal, Garrison Noreen, 2012). Corporate Strategy Control The corporate strategy is the basic framework on which the companies operations are based so as to achieve the goals and objectives. In the process of corporate strategy formulation in wake of the competitive and dynamic business environment, the CFO plays a key pivotal role as he exploits his experience and superior financial skills so as to realistically present the likely financial implications of pursuing various options. This is particularly of significance for a company like NCK which operates in a highly elastic product segment and hence the business fortunes would be highly susceptible to the underlying economic trends (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). The CFO also tenders advice to the board with regards to any strategic alliances of acquisitions that may be value accretive for the shareholders. Additionally, since CFO is responsible for management of financial resources, hence his support his critical so as to ensure that the requisite resource allocation is done for a given p roject (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). The CFO also plays a crucial role with regards to erection of various benchmarks that act as milestones for ascertaining the performance of the various key executives. He/She also plays a critical role in the budget exercise which tends to spell out the key priorities of the company and acts as a potent tool to establish control over operations by limiting the availability of capital only for those projects that are considered value accretive by the management. Also, the CFO needs to meet the financing needs of the company so that the company has funds both for meeting working capital liabilities and also for setting new retail outlets (Bhimani et. al., 2008). Significance for objectives The role of CFO is a crucial one for the overall success of the company which is apparent from the responsibilities undertaken by him/her. The first step in this regard is to set a corporate strategy which is capable of achieving the companys vision and the objectives set by the management. Based on the corporate strategy, the various benchmarks are put in place which the key executive are expected to meet in a time bound manner. These benchmarks tend to be variable in nature and driven by a plethora of factors. The resource allocation is carried out under the aegis of CFO keeping in mind the budgetary allocations (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). Further, to achieve sustainable growth, it is imperative that the company enhances its presence which typically would require capital rationing and would to an extent be driven by the underlying preferences in whose determination, CFO would play and active role (Bhimani et. al., 2008). Also, it is the duty of CFO to ensure that the operational and financial performance of the company is disseminated to relevant internal and external stakeholders in a timely manner (Drury, 2008). To critically examine the given statement, the preliminary step is to discuss the efficient markets concept which is aptly represented in the form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). In accordance with the EMH concept, market efficiency exists primarily in three forms. The weak form of market efficiency hypothesises that the stock price movement is essentially random in nature and has no linkage with the past prices. Further, it is driven only by the information entering the market and technical analysis as an investment technique would fail (Petty et. al., 2015). The semi-strong form of market efficiency hypothesises that there is no utility of tracking stock specific information as any new information tends to get captured by the prices almost in an instantaneous matter and thereby does not provide opportunities to the market participants to derive gains based on this (Damodaran, 2008). The strong form of market efficiency hypothesises that the market price of the stock equals th e intrinsic price which is indicative of the all stock specific information and therefore there is no role for fundamental analysis as the stocks do not deviate from their intrinsic prices and any minor deviations are corrected automatically (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). If the capital markets become efficient and display features shown above, it seems that the statement that the pension fund manager could select the stock with a pin may be true. This is because the empirical prices of the stock are not significant for initiating any trades as the future prices are not linked with past prices. Also, the information about individual stocks is also equally futile because by the time the pension fund manager is in a situation to react to the news, the entire impact of the news has already been reflected in the price of the security. Thus, it makes sense for the pension fund manager to act as a passive investor in such scenario (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). However the following two factors also need to be considered before reaching a final conclusion. The investors in stock market are exposed to two risks i.e. systematic risk and unsystematic risk. The systematic risk cannot be eliminated through diversification of portfolio but the unsystematic risk can be minimised and even eliminated through portfolio diversification. As a result, it is imperative for the pension fund manager to choose a portfolio which is well diversified so as to atleast minimise the unsystematic risk associated with the investment. Clearly, this cannot be ensured through random selection of stocks and needs active choice of stocks designed towards a specific aim (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Besides, considering that pension fund is directed towards providing a secured income to investors after retirement, hence the stock choices tend to be biased in the favour of large blue chip stocks that may offer limited capital gains but offer sizable dividend income. Hence, the portfolio that the pension fund manager must select should be representative of this objective and hence the stocks would not be chosen with a pin as the portfolio may include high risk growth oriented stocks (Damodaran, 2008). Based on the above reasoning, it may be concluded that the given statement is indeed false. References Bhimani, A, Horngren, CT, Datar, SM Foster, G 2008, Management and Cost Accounting 4th eds., Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance, 9th eds., McGraw Hill Publications, New York Brigham, EF Ehrhardt, MC 2013. Financial Management: Theory Practice, 14th eds., South-Western College Publications, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Wiley Publications, London Drury, C 2008, Management and Cost Accounting, 7th eds., Thomson Learning, London NCK 2015, Annual Report 2015, Available online from https://www.nickscali.com.au/media/wysiwyg/pdfs/NS_AnnualReport_2015_Final_LR_1.pdf (Accessed on September 13, 2016) Parrino, R Kidwell, D 2011, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3rd eds., Wiley Publications, London Petty, JW, Titman, S, Keown, AJ, Martin, P, Martin JD Burrow, M 2015, Financial Management: Principles and Applications, 6th eds., Pearson Australia, Sydney Seal, WB, Garrison, RH and Noreen, EW 2012, Management Accounting, 4th eds., McGraw -Hill Higher Education, Maidenhead